Instrument Rating Requirements (2/3)

*** be continued ***

 

(3) Required instruments for the IFR flight (FAR 91.205)

IFR 비행을 하기 위해서는 VFR에 필요한 것들을 충족시키며 동시에 IFR 에 관련된 것들도 충족되어야 한다.

 

91.205

91.205 (b)를 보게 되면 day and night VFR에 필요한 것들을 확인할 수 있다.

 

a. VFR Day (ATOMATO FLAMES)

Anti-collision light (Beacon light, SEtrobe light, Certified after March 11, 1996)

Tachometer for each engine - RPM gauge

Oil pressure gauge for each engine using pressure system

Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine (eg. turbocharger and supercharger or complex airplane equipped with constant speed propeller)

Airspeed indicator

Temperature gauge for each liquid-cooled engine

Oil temperature gauge for each air-cooled engine

Fuel gauge indicating the quantity of fuel in each tank

Landing gear position light

Altimeter

Magnetic direction indicator

Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)

Safety belt (for each occupant 2 years of age or older) and shoulder harness (for each front seat)

*Each altitude engine: can maintain a rated take-off power from sea level up to a specified altitude

 

b. VFR Night (FLAPS)

Fuses (one entire spare set, or 3 spare fuses of each kind)

*우리가 흔히 타는 Cessna 기종의 경우: Spare fuses for the power distribution module are located inside the module. If one of the spare fuses is used, a replacement spare should be obtained and reinstalled before the next flight.

Landing light (If operated for hire, one electric landing light is required)

Anti-Collision light (Certified after August 11, 1971/ Aviation red, white)

*Any failure of the anti-collision light, the operation may be continued until repairs can be done

Position light (NAV light from sunset to sunrise - Steady red, green, and white)

Source of power (An adequate source of energy for all installed electrical and radio equipment)

 

*What is the difference between Anti-Collision light day and night?

The different times applied to certification

 

What is a night? (1.1)

: From the end of evening civil twilight to the beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the Air Almanac, Converted to local time.

 

 

c. Instrument Flight Rule (IFR) (GRAB CARDD)

- Equipment for all VFR and IFR (91.205(d))

 

Generator/ Alternator

- Generator: Heavy, Expensive, Provide a lot of power. Must be spun at high/ constant PRM

- Alternator: Light, Cheap, Provides power a wide range of RPM

Radios: Two-way radio communication and navigation equipment suitable for the route to be flown

Altimeter: Sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure

Ball: Slip skid indicator

Clock: A clock displaying hours, minutes, and seconds with a sweep second pointer or digital presentation

Attitude indicator: Gyroscopic pitch and bank indicator (artificial horizon)

Rate of turn indicator: Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator

Directional gyor or equivalent (G1000 has an HSI): Gyroscopic direction indicator

DME (91.205 (e))

- At or above FL240, the aircraft must equipped with approved DME or a suitable RNAV system

- Below FL 240, GPS can be used in lieu of DME/ ADF (AIM 1-1-18)

 

 

Inoperative instruments and equipment (14 CFR 91.213)

  비행을 나가기 위해 필수적으로 요구되는 것들이 있다고 하지만, 비행기에 설치된 그리고 기재된 무엇하나라도 정상적인 작동을 하지 못한다면 그 비행기는 현재 Airworthiness 하지 못하다고 보게 된다. 그런 경우 우리는 비행기의 감항성을 증명하기 위하여 (감항성이 증명되지 못한 비행기는 날 수 없다) 아래의 절차를 따르게 된다.

  간단히 설명하게 되면 비행기에 Coffee port 가 있는데 작동을 하지 않는다. 이때 우리는 이 커피포트가 크게 중요하지 않다는 것을 확인하고, 기록하며 (다음 정비시 수리하기 위함이 큼), 파일럿의 의사결정에 따라 커피포트가 작동하지 않는 상태로 비행여부를 결정하게 된다.

No person may take off an aircraft with inoperative instruments or equipment installed unless the following conditions are met.

 

a. An approved minimum equipment list exists for that airplane (91.213(a)(1)).

B. a person may take off an airplane in operations conducted under this part with inoperative instruments and equipment without an approved MEL (91.213(d)).

What is 91.213?

- 91.213 tells us the minimum instrument and equipment for the VFR flight

1) "5-3-1 rule"

  a. '5' Is it required?

• VFR day-type certificate
• Aircraft equipment list (POH/ PIM)
• 91.205 (위에 작성됨)
• Part 91: any other rule of 14 CFR part 91 for the specific kind of flight operation being conducted
• AD's

  b. '3' Actions

• Deactivate or Remove
• Placard
• Log in the maintenance record

  c. '1' Is it safe?

• Pilot's decision

 

 

5 Things to check	3 things to do	1 to decide
91.205 (b)(c)(d)?	- Remove or deactivate - Placard, "INOP" - Record at "Maintenance log book"(By 43.11)	Go/ No Go Decision by the pilot
Any regulations in Part 91? ex) Mode C veil, Transponder
VFR day type certification standard (Part 23.1305?)
ADs
Equipment list or POH or kinds of equipment lists (PIM)

 

What is the VFR Day Type Certificate?

- The VFR Day type certificate is the list of the minimum equipment required for the Type Certificate to get a VFR day flight.

- Basically, It is the minimum certification to meet the normal category followed by Part 23 (See Part 23.1305)

 

What is a Type Certificate Data Sheet?

- It formally describes the aircraft, engine, or propeller.

 

When do we need it?

- Alterations that are not specified or authorized in the TCDS are made, and STC is issued.

- TCDS lists the limitations and information required for the type certification of the aircraft. It includes the certification basis and eligible serial numbers for the product.

- It lists airspeed limits, weight limits, control surface movements, engine makes and models, minimum crew, fuel type, etc.; The horsepower and RPM limits, thrust limitations, size and weight for engines; and blade diameter, pitch, etc., for propellers.

- Additionally, it provides all the various components by make and model, eligible for installation on the applicable product (Aviation Maintenance Tech Handbook 2-61)